تفاوت ترموکوپل و RTD و بررسی جنبه‌های مختلف آن

ترموکوپل (Thermocouple) و RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) هر دو سنسورهایی هستند که برای اندازه‌گیری دما استفاده می‌شوند. اما اصول عملکرد و ویژگی‌های آنها متفاوت است. از مهم‌ترین تفاوت ترموکوپل و RTD این است که ترموکوپل بر اساس اصل افت توانایی حرارتی در اتصال دو ماده مختلف فعالیت می‌کند. وقتی دو ماده مختلف در نقاط مختلفی در تماس باشند، یک تغییر ولتاژ تولید می‌شود که در نتیجه دمای محیط را نشان می‌دهد. در حالی که RTD بر اساس تغییر مقاومت الکتریکی با تغییر دما عمل می‌کند. مقاومت الکتریکی سیمی که در RTD استفاده می‌شود با تغییر دما تغییر می‌کند و این تغییر را می‌توان به عنوان اندازه‌گیری دما استفاده کرد. تفاوت ترموکوپل و RTD ابعاد دیگری نیز دارد که در ادامه در مورد آن‌ها توضیحاتی ارائه داده‌ایم.

مقایسه ترموکوپل و RTD

ترموکوپل و RTD هر دو سنسورهای دما هستند؛ اما از روش‌های مختلفی برای اندازه‌گیری دما استفاده می‌کنند و برای کاربردهای متفاوتی مناسب‌اند. ترموکوپل یک دستگاه اندازه‌گیری دما است که از دو مفتول متفاوت ساخته شده است و معمولاً از موادی مانند مس و کرومل (یا آلومل) در ساختار آن استفاده می‌شود. دو مفتول متفاوت با هم در یک نقطه (نقطه اندازه‌گیری) به هم، و در نقاط دیگر (نقاط مرجع) به یک مدار خوانش دما متصل می‌شوند. این دو مفتول با تفاوت دمایی که در آنها قرار می‌گیرند، اختلاف پتانسیل الکتریکی ایجاد می‌کنند که با استفاده از ولت‌متر یا دستگاه خوانش دما قابل اندازه‌گیری است. این اختلاف پتانسیل الکتریکی به عنوان سیگنال خروجی ترموکوپل مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد و می‌تواند تبدیل به مقدار دما شود.

از طرف دیگر RTD یک سنسور دما است که به تغییر مقاومت با تغییر دما پاسخ می‌دهد. اصل عملکرد RTD بر پایه تغییر مقاومت الکتریکی ماده‌ای است که با تغییر دما، مقاومت آن نیز تغییر می‌کند. معمولاً در RTD ها از موادی مانند پلاتینیوم (Pt) استفاده می‌شود که دارای ضریب مقاومت دما (temperature coefficient of resistance) ثابتی است. هنگامی که RTD در تماس با یک منبع حرارت قرار می‌گیرد، مقاومت الکتریکی آن تغییر می‌کند. این تغییر مقاومت به طور مستقیم با تغییر دما در ارتباط است؛ به عبارت دیگر، با افزایش دما، مقاومت RTD افزایش یافته و با کاهش دما، مقاومت آن کاهش می‌یابد. برای اندازه‌گیری مقاومت RTD، جریان الکتریکی کوچکی از طریق آن عبور می‌کند و ولتاژ ایجاد شده را می‌توان با استفاده از دستگاه خواندن دما یا مدار الکترونیکی مربوطه اندازه‌گیری کرد. با توجه به تغییر مقاومت، مقدار دما در محیط قابل تعیین است.

 

فرق ترموکوپل و RTD

 

بازه‌ اندازه‌گیری دما

دیگر تفاوت ترموکوپل و RTD، بازه اندازه‌گیری دما است. ترموکوپل‌ها معمولاً برای اندازه‌گیری دماهای بسیار بالا یا بسیار پایین استفاده می‌شوند. بازه‌ دمایی که توسط ترموکوپل قابل اندازه‌گیری است، بستگی به نوع ترموکوپل و مواد استفاده شده در آن دارد. به عنوان مثال، ترموکوپل‌های نوع K قادر به اندازه‌گیری دما در بازه‌ 200- تا حدود 1600 درجه سانتیگراد هستند. ترموکوپل‌ها به دلیل خواص الکترومغناطیسی و عدم وابستگی به مقاومت الکتریکی، در برابر نویز و تداخلات الکترومغناطیسی مقاومت بیشتری دارند.

از سوی دیگر، RTD‌ها برای اندازه‌گیری دماهای متوسط استفاده می‌شوند. نوع شایع‌تر آن، RTD پلاتینیوم (Pt) است که مقاومت آن با تغییر دما تغییر می‌کند. بازه‌ دمایی قابل اندازه‌گیری توسط RTD به طور کلی محدودتر است و معمولاً در بازه‌ 200- درجه سانتیگراد تا حدود 600 درجه سانتیگراد قابل استفاده هستند. RTD‌ها به دلیل دقت بالا و پایداری در طول زمان، در برنامه‌هایی که نیاز به دقت بالا در اندازه‌گیری دما دارند، مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند.

مطالعه کنید:  رنج دمایی ترموکوپل

 

ترموکوپل نوع K

 

دقت اندازه‌گیری دما

در مورد دقت اندازه‌گیری دما، ترموکوپل‌ها و RTD‌ها تفاوت‌هایی دارند. ترموکوپل‌ها عموماً دارای دقت اندازه‌گیری کمتری نسبت به RTD‌ها هستند. دقت ترموکوپل‌ها به عواملی مانند نوع ترموکوپل، طول و قطر مفتول‌ها، و شرایط محیطی بستگی دارد. در مقابل، RTD‌ها به دلیل روش اندازه‌گیری مقاومت الکتریکی، دقت بالاتری در اندازه‌گیری دما دارند. به طور کلی، RTD‌ها به دلیل دقت بالا در اندازه‌گیری دما و پایداری طولانی‌مدت، در برنامه‌هایی که نیاز به دقت بالا و قابلیت تنظیم دقیق دما دارند، ترجیح داده می‌شوند. همچنین برای برنامه‌هایی که نیاز به کالیبراسیون مکرر دارند و استفاده در شرایط صنعتی سخت با نویز الکترومغناطیسی زیاد دارند نیز مناسب هستند.

چرا سنجش حرارت؟

هدف اصلی ما در مجموعه سنجش حرارت با ۲۲ سال سابقه تولید و ارائه با کیفیت ترین محصولات در حوزه ترموکوپل، المنت و ترموستات با بهترین قیمت می‌باشد . ما در مجموعه سنجش حرارت به طور روزانه تولیدات خود را روانه بازار می‌کنیم و با افتخار تأمین کننده محصولات بیش از ۱۰۰ فروشگاه پخش کننده لوازم حرارتی در لاله زار هستیم و امیدواریم به واسطه سایت فروشگاه بتوانیم با کیفیت ترین محصولات را بدون واسطه به دست مشتریان عزیز در سراسر کشور برسانیم .

آدرس ما : لاله زار جنوبی – پاساژ اخوان – پلاک 97

شماره تماس: 02133114442  | ۰۹۱۲۵۳۸۰۸۶۸

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مکانیزم اندازه‌گیری دما

دیگر تفاوت ترموکوپل و RTD، مکانیزم اندازه‌گیری دما است. که در زیر برای هر کدام این مورد را توضیح داده‌ایم:

ترموکوپل

  • ساختار: ترموکوپل از اتصال دو فلز ناهمجنس تشکیل شده است.
  • مکانیزم اندازه‌گیری: اندازه‌گیری دما بر اساس تفاوت ولتاژی است که در اثر تغییر دما در اتصال فلزات ناهمجنس ایجاد می‌شود.
  • دقت و تکرارپذیری: دقت کمتری دارد و تکرارپذیری پایین‌تر است.

RTD

  • ساختار: RTD دارای یک عنصر سنسور از سیم پیچ سیم یا لایه‌ای از فلز خالص است.
  • مکانیزم اندازه‌گیری: اندازه‌گیری دما بر اساس تغییر مقاومت الکتریکی در عنصر سنسور با تغییر دما انجام می‌شود.
  • دقت و تکرارپذیری: دقت بالاتر و تکرارپذیری بهتری دارد.

 

مقایسه ترموکوپل و RTD

 

طول زمان پاسخ‌ گویی

ترموکوپل‌ها و RTD‌ها از لحاظ طول زمان پاسخ‌گویی تفاوت دارند. ترموکوپل‌ها به طور کلی زمان پاسخ‌گویی سریع‌تری نسبت به RTD‌ها دارند. زمان پاسخ‌گویی ترموکوپل‌ها به سرعت تغییر دما وابسته است و معمولاً در محدوده میلی‌ثانیه و چند ثانیه قرار دارد. در مقابل، RTD‌ها زمان پاسخ‌گویی کندتری دارند. این به دلیل استفاده از ماده‌ای با حجم بیشتر (معمولاً سیم پلاتینیوم) و ساختاری که برای اندازه‌گیری دما زمان بیشتری نیاز دارد، است. بنابراین، ترموکوپل‌ها به دلیل ساختار ساده و حجم کوچک، زمان پاسخ‌گویی سریعی دارند. در مقابل، RTD‌ها با ساختار بزرگتر و حساسیت بالا، زمان پاسخ‌گویی کندتری نسبت به تروکوپل دارند. در انتخاب بین این دو نوع حسگر، زمان پاسخ‌گویی مورد نیاز برای برنامه خاص شما باید در نظر گرفته شود.

مطالعه کنید:  ساختمان ترموکوپل

رابطه دما و مقاومت

یکی دیگر از تفاوت ترموکوپل و RTD، رابطه دما و مقاومت است. رابطه دما و ولتاژ تولید شده توسط ترموکوپل به شدت غیر خطی است. این به این معنی است که تغییر دما در ترموکوپل، تغییرات غیرخطی در ولتاژ تولید شده توسط آن ایجاد می‌کند. برای اندازه‌گیری دما در ترموکوپل، نیاز به استفاده از جداول کالیبراسیون مرتبط است. این جداول نشان می‌دهند که با توجه به ولتاژ تولید شده توسط ترموکوپل، دمای مربوطه چقدر است. معمولاً رابطه آمپر و دما برای ترموکوپل‌ها استفاده نمی‌شود.
از طرف دیگر رابطه دما و مقاومت در RTD‌ها به شدت خطی است. با افزایش دما، مقاومت RTD افزایش، و با کاهش دما، مقاومت آن کاهش می‌یابد. این رابطه خطی می‌تواند با استفاده از رابطه دما و مقاومتی که به عنوان ضریب مقاومت دما شناخته می‌شود، به راحتی تعیین شود. برای اندازه‌گیری دما در RTD‌ها، می‌توان از روش‌هایی مانند اندازه‌گیری مقاومت با استفاده از جریان کم و میلی ولتاژ استفاده کرد. با استفاده از رابطه خطی دما و مقاومت، دمای مربوطه با دقت قابل تعیین است.

 

آر تی دی چیست

 

سطح پایداری

ترموکوپل‌ها و RTD‌ها از لحاظ سطح پایداری نیز متفاوت هستند. ترموکوپل‌ها عموماً دارای سطح پایداری بالایی هستند. آنها می‌توانند در شرایط سخت و محیط‌های صنعتی مختلف مانند فشار بالا، حرارت بالا، تغییرات شدید دما و تأثیر ابزارها و شرایط محیطی دیگر عمل کنند. در بسیاری از موارد، ترموکوپل‌ها مقاومت بالا به تغییرات نرمال، رطوبت، شوک و لرزش را نشان می‌دهند. به علاوه، آنها معمولاً ویژگی ضد خوردگی و قابلیت اطمینان بالایی دارند.

در مقایسه با ترموکوپل‌، RTD‌ به طور کلی سطح پایداری بالاتری دارد. آنها به دلیل ساختار ساده‌تر و عدم وجود جفت نیمه‌های مختلف، به طور کلی کمتر به تغییرات خارجی حساس هستند. همچنین، RTD‌ها معمولاً دارای مقاومت بالا به اکسیداسیون و خوردگی هستند، اما ممکن است در مقابل شوک و لرزش حساس‌تر باشند. علاوه بر این، RTD‌ها نیاز به منبع تغذیه استاتیک دارند و برای عملکرد بهینه باید به طور منظم کالیبره شوند.

اثر خود گرمایشی

تفاوت ترموکوپل و RTD از لحاظ اثر خودگرمایی (Self-Heating) عمدتاً به وجود آمدن جریان برقی در حسگرها برای اندازه‌گیری دما برمی‌گردد. ترموکوپل‌ها بر اساس اصل افت ولتاژ در اتصال دو رسانا با دما مبتنی هستند. زمانی که دو رسانا (نیمه‌های ترموکوپل) نسبت به دماهای مختلف تحت تأثیر قرار می‌گیرند، اختلاف دما باعث تولید جریان الکتریکی در ترموکوپل می‌شود. این جریان الکتریکی با خودگرمایی همراه است که ممکن است در اندازه‌گیری دما تأثیر بگذارد. بنابراین، برای دقت بالا در اندازه‌گیری دما با ترموکوپل‌ها، لازم است اثر خودگرمایی را در نظر بگیرید و به‌طور مداوم ترموکوپل را با استفاده از جریان کمتر یا با روش‌های کاهش اثر خودگرمایی سرد کنید.

در مقابل، RTD‌ معمولاً اثر خودگرمایی کمتری نسبت به ترموکوپل‌ دارد. زمانی که دما در RTD تغییر می‌کند، مقاومت الکتریکی آن نیز تغییر می‌کند. با توجه به اینکه RTD‌ها مقاومت الکتریکی دارند و جریان الکتریکی به طور مستقیم از آنها عبور می‌کند، ایجاد اثر خودگرمایی در RTD‌ها به میزان کمتری اتفاق می‌افتد. این خاصیت باعث می‌شود که RTD‌ها در اندازه‌گیری دما به دقت بیشتری برسند و نیاز به تعویض جریان کمتری برای کاهش اثر خودگرمایی داشته باشند.

مطالعه کنید:  کالیبراسیون ترموکوپل

کاربردهای گوناگون

ترموکوپل‌ها و RTD‌ها به دلیل ویژگی‌ها و خواص منحصر به فردی که دارند، در کاربردهای مختلفی استفاده می‌شوند. در زیر تفاوت ترموکوپل و RTD را از منظر کاربرد بررسی می‌کنیم:

 

کاربرد ترموکوپل و RTD

 

ترموکوپل‌

  • صنعتی: ترموکوپل‌ها به طور گسترده در صنعت، به خصوص در اندازه‌گیری دما در محیط‌های صنعتی سخت و شرایط آزمایشگاهی استفاده می‌شوند. این شرایط ممکن است شامل دماهای بسیار بالا یا پایین، فشار بالا، شوک و لرزش و محیط‌های خورنده باشد.
  • پتروشیمی و نفت و گاز: در صنایع پتروشیمی و نفت و گاز، ترموکوپل‌ها برای اندازه‌گیری دمای فرایندها، مانیتورینگ و کنترل دما در واحدهای پالایشگاهی، مخازن ذخیره‌سازی، خطوط لوله‌ها و تجهیزات صنعتی استفاده می‌شوند.
  • آزمایشگاهی: ترموکوپل‌ها در آزمایشگاه‌ها برای اندازه‌گیری و کنترل دما در فرآیندهای آزمایشگاهی به کار می‌روند. این شامل آزمایشگاه‌های شیمیایی، فیزیکی، بیولوژیکی و دیگر حوزه‌های علمی است.

RTD‌

  • صنعت خودروسازی: RTD‌ها در صنعت خودروسازی برای اندازه‌گیری و کنترل دما در قطعات مختلف مانند موتورها، ترموستات‌ها، سیستم‌های خنک‌کننده و سیستم‌های تهویه استفاده می‌شوند.
  • صنعت مواد غذایی: در صنعت مواد غذایی، RTD‌ها برای اندازه‌گیری و کنترل دما در فرآیندهای تولید مانند پخت، خنک کردن، یخ زدن و نگهداری استفاده می‌شوند.
  • تجهیزات طبی: RTD‌ها در تجهیزات پزشکی و طبی مانند اندازه‌گیری دمای بدن، تجهیزات آزمایشگاهی و دستگاه‌های پزشکی استفاده می‌شوند.
  • صنعت الکترونیک: در صنعت الکترونیک، RTD‌ها برای اندازه‌گیری دما در قطعات الکترونیکی حساس مانند مدارهای یکپارچه (ICs)، تراشه‌ها، دستگاه‌های نمایشگر و سنسورها به کار می‌روند.
  • صنعت فرآوری و تولید: در صنایع فرآوری و تولید مانند صنایع فولاد، سیمان، شیمیایی و آلومینیوم، RTD‌ها به عنوان حسگرهای دما در فرآیندهای تولید، کنترل کیفیت و مانیتورینگ استفاده می‌شوند.
  • کنترل محیطی: RTD‌ها در سیستم‌های کنترل محیطی مانند تهویه مطبوع، سیستم‌های گرمایش و خنک کننده و تجهیزات کنترل دما در ساختمان‌ها و فضاهای صنعتی کاربرد دارند.

میزان هزینه

دیگر تفاوت ترموکوپل و RTD در میزان هزینه است. ترموکوپل‌ها به طور کلی ارزانتر از RTD‌ها هستند، اما هزینه نهایی ممکن است به عوامل متعددی بستگی داشته باشد که در زیر به آنها اشاره می‌کنیم:

 

تفاوت قیمت ترموکوپل و RTD

 

نوع و مواد سازنده

ترموکوپل‌ها از جفت‌های فلزی (مانند نیکل-کروم / نیکل-آلومل) ساخته می‌شوند؛ در حالی که RTD‌ها از مواد مقاومتی مانند پلاتین استفاده می‌کنند. پلاتین از جمله مواد گران‌قیمت‌تری است که ممکن است بر روی هزینه RTD‌ها تأثیر بگذارد.

دقت اندازه‌گیری

RTD‌ها به طور کلی دقت بالاتری نسبت به ترموکوپل‌ها دارند. برای دستیابی به دقت بالاتر، استفاده از مواد پلاتینی در RTD‌ها لازم است که هزینه را افزایش می‌دهد.

نوع و اندازه

هزینه‌ها براساس نوع و اندازه ترموکوپل یا RTD ممکن است متفاوت باشد. برای مثال، ترموکوپل‌های قلع‌کوبی ارزانتر از ترموکوپل‌های صنعتی بزرگتر هستند. همچنین، RTD‌های کوچکتر و فشرده ممکن است هزینه کمتری داشته باشند.

نیاز به تجهیزات جانبی

هزینه‌های مربوط به تجهیزات جانبی نیز باید در نظر گرفته شود. ترموکوپل‌ها به ترموکوپل ریدر (Thermocouple Reader) نیاز دارند که معمولاً به صورت جداگانه خریداری می‌شود. در مقابل، RTD‌ها به ترموستات (Thermostat) یا مبدل سیگنال بهره می‌برند که ممکن است باعث افزایش هزینه شود.

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