تجهیزات و روش‌ های اندازه گیری دما

اندازه‌گیری دما یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل در بسیاری از صنایع و کاربردهای روزمره است. کنترل و نظارت دقیق بر دما می‌تواند تأثیر قابل توجهی بر کیفیت محصولات، ایمنی و بهره‌وری داشته باشد. روش‌ها و تجهیزات مختلفی برای اندازه‌گیری دما وجود دارند که هر کدام متناسب با نیازها و شرایط خاص، مزایا و معایب خاص خود را دارند. در این مقاله، به بررسی این تجهیزات و روش‌ها پرداخته و کاربردهای آن‌ها را بررسی میکنیم.

ابزارهای اندازه گیری دما - سنجش حرارت

ترموکوپل

ترموکوپل یکی از پرکاربردترین و محبوب‌ترین ابزارهای اندازه‌گیری دما در صنایع مختلف است. این دستگاه بر اساس پدیده سیبک (Seebeck effect) عمل می‌کند، که در آن وقتی دو فلز مختلف در یک نقطه به هم متصل می‌شوند و نقاط اتصال آن‌ها دماهای متفاوتی دارند، ولتاژ الکتریکی تولید می‌شود. این ولتاژ، که تابعی از دما است، می‌تواند برای اندازه‌گیری دما استفاده شود. علاوه بر انواع مختلف ترموکوپل‌ها، ترموکوپل میله‌ ای نیز به دلیل ساختار مقاوم و کاربردهای گسترده‌اش، بسیار مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد. در ادامه، انواع ترموکوپل را توضیح داده‌ایم.

ترموکوپل نوع S و R:

ترموکوپل تیپ S و ترموکوپل تیپ R از ترکیب پلاتین-رودیوم (Platinum-Rhodium) ساخته می‌شوند. محدوده دمایی آن‌ها از ۰ تا ۱۶۰۰ درجه سلسیوس است. بسیار دقیق و پایدار بوده و مناسب برای دماهای بسیار بالا و کاربردهای صنعتی خاص است.

ترموکوپل نوع K:

ترموکوپل نوع K از ترکیب نیکل-کروم (Chromel) و نیکل-آلومینیوم (Alumel) ساخته می‌شود. محدوده دمایی آن از -۲۰۰ تا ۱۳۷۲ درجه سلسیوس است و دارای پایداری بالا و دقت مناسب، مناسب برای کاربردهای عمومی است.

ترموکوپل نوع J:

ترموکوپل نوع J از ترکیب آهن (Iron) و کنستانتان (Constantan) تشکیل شده است. محدوده دمایی آن از -۴۰ تا ۷۵۰ درجه سلسیوس بوده و برای محیط‌های غیر خورنده مناسب است. این نوع دارای دقت مناسب اما با محدوده دمایی کمتر نسبت به نوع K است.

ترموکوپل نوع T:

ترموکوپل نوع T از مس (Copper) و کنستانتان ساخته می‌شود. محدوده دمایی آن از -۲۰۰ تا ۳۵۰ درجه سلسیوس است. دقت بالا در دماهای پایین و مناسب برای کاربردهای برودتی از ویژگی‌های این نوع است.

ترموکوپل نوع E:

ترموکوپل نوع E از ترکیب نیکل-کروم و کنستانتان تشکیل می‌شود. محدوده دمایی آن از -۲۰۰ تا ۹۰۰ درجه سلسیوس است. این نوع حساسیت بالا و مناسب برای اندازه‌گیری‌های دقیق‌تر دارد.

مطالعه کنید:  کالیبراسیون ترموکوپل

ترموکوپل نوع B:

ترموکوپل نوع B نیز از ترکیب پلاتین-رودیوم ساخته شده و عملکرد مشابهی با نوع R و S دارد. محدوده دمایی آن از ۰ تا ۱۷۰۰ درجه سلسیوس است و دارای پایداری بسیار بالا در دماهای بسیار بالا، کاربرد در صنایع فولاد و شیشه است.

به طور کلی، انتخاب بهترین ترموکوپل به شرایط خاص محیط کاری، محدوده دمایی مورد نیاز و دقت اندازه‌گیری بستگی دارد. در اغلب موارد، ترموکوپل نوع K به دلیل پایداری و گستره دمایی وسیع، انتخاب مناسبی برای بسیاری از کاربردها محسوب می‌شود. با این حال، برای کاربردهای خاص‌تر و دقیق‌تر، انتخاب نوع مناسب دیگر ترموکوپل‌ها می‌تواند بهره‌وری و دقت اندازه‌گیری را بهبود بخشد.

ترموول

ترموول به عنوان یک محافظ برای سنسورهای دما، نقش مهمی در افزایش دقت و طول عمر این سنسورها ایفا می‌کند. در روش‌های اندازه‌گیری دما، استفاده از ترموول‌ها به سنسور اجازه می‌دهد تا در شرایط سخت و خورنده بدون تماس مستقیم با محیط، دما را به طور دقیق اندازه‌گیری کند. ترموول‌ها از مواد مقاوم ساخته می‌شوند و امکان تعویض سنسور بدون توقف فرآیند را فراهم می‌کنند. در صنایع مختلف از جمله نفت و گاز، شیمیایی و نیروگاهی، ترموول‌ها به دلیل محافظت مؤثر از سنسورها و افزایش دقت اندازه‌گیری، بسیار مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند.

قیمت ترموول - سنجش حرارت

ترمومتر

ترمومتر یکی از ابزارهای اساسی در روش‌های اندازه‌گیری دما است که برای سنجش و نمایش دما در محیط‌های مختلف به کار می‌رود. این دستگاه در انواع مختلفی از جمله دیجیتال، آنالوگ، مادون قرمز و شیشه‌ای موجود است. هر نوع ترمومتر بسته به نیاز و شرایط کاربردی انتخاب می‌شود. ترمومترهای دیجیتال به دلیل دقت و سرعت بالا معمولاً در مصارف پزشکی و صنعتی استفاده می‌شوند. ترمومترهای مادون قرمز برای اندازه‌گیری دما از فاصله و بدون تماس مستقیم با سطح کاربرد دارند. ترمومترها به دلیل کاربرد گسترده در صنایع مختلف، از جمله صنایع غذایی، دارویی، شیمیایی و هواشناسی، نقش حیاتی در کنترل و نظارت دقیق بر دما ایفا می‌کنند.

مطالعه کنید:  کاربرد ترموستات یخچال

ترمومتر

سنسور RTD

سنسور  RTD که مخفف عبارت Resistance Temperature Detector یکی از دقیق‌ترین و پایدارترین ابزارهای اندازه‌گیری دما است. این سنسور بر اساس تغییر مقاومت الکتریکی یک فلز، معمولاً پلاتین، با تغییر دما عمل می‌کند. RTDها به دلیل دقت بالا و پایداری طولانی‌مدت، در بسیاری از کاربردهای صنعتی و علمی مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند.

سنسور RTD در انواع مختلفی مانند PT100 و PT1000 وجود دارد که اعداد ۱۰۰ و ۱۰۰۰ به مقاومت الکتریکی آن‌ها در دمای ۰ درجه سلسیوس اشاره دارد. این سنسورها به طور گسترده در صنایع شیمیایی، دارویی، غذایی و حتی در نیروگاه‌ها برای کنترل دقیق دما استفاده می‌شوند. RTDها به دلیل دقت بالا، زمان پاسخ‌دهی سریع و پایداری در شرایط سخت محیطی، انتخابی ایده‌آل برای کاربردهایی هستند که نیاز به اندازه‌گیری دمای دقیق و قابل اعتماد دارند.

سنسور rtd

ترانسمیتر دما

ترانسمیتر دما یک دستگاه الکترونیکی است که سیگنال‌های تولید شده توسط سنسورهای دما مانند ترموکوپل‌ها یا RTDها را به سیگنال‌های الکتریکی قابل استفاده در سیستم‌های کنترل و مانیتورینگ تبدیل می‌کند. این دستگاه‌ها نقش حیاتی در انتقال دقیق و قابل اعتماد اطلاعات دمایی از محل اندازه‌گیری به سیستم‌های کنترلی یا اتاق‌های مانیتورینگ دارند.

ترانسمیتر دما معمولاً شامل یک مدار الکترونیکی است که سیگنال خروجی سنسور دما را تقویت، فیلتر و تبدیل به یک سیگنال استاندارد مانند ۴-۲۰ میلی‌آمپر یا ۰-۱۰ ولت می‌کند. این سیگنال استاندارد می‌تواند به راحتی توسط سیستم‌های کنترل صنعتی، PLCها و DCSها پردازش شود.

ترانسیمتر دما

مزایای استفاده از ترانسمیتر دما 

افزایش دقت: تبدیل سیگنال‌های ضعیف سنسور به سیگنال‌های قوی و پایدار، دقت اندازه‌گیری را افزایش می‌دهد.
کاهش نویز: ترانسمیترها سیگنال‌های سنسور را تقویت و فیلتر می‌کنند، که این باعث کاهش تأثیر نویزهای الکتریکی محیطی می‌شود.
انتقال سیگنال به مسافت‌های طولانی: سیگنال‌های استاندارد تولید شده توسط ترانسمیترها می‌توانند بدون کاهش کیفیت به مسافت‌های طولانی منتقل شوند.

گیج دما

گیج دما یکی از ابزارهای ساده و مؤثر برای اندازه‌گیری و نمایش دما در محیط‌های مختلف است. این دستگاه‌ها به طور معمول برای نمایش لحظه‌ای دما به کار می‌روند و در انواع مختلفی مانند گیج‌های بیمتال، مایع‌پر، و دیجیتال موجود هستند.

مطالعه کنید:  طراحی ترموول

گیج دما

گیج بیمتال:

این نوع گیج از دو فلز مختلف با ضرایب انبساط حرارتی متفاوت ساخته شده است. وقتی دما تغییر می‌کند، انحنای متفاوت این دو فلز باعث حرکت عقربه و نمایش دما می‌شود. گیج بیمتال به دلیل سادگی وعدم نیاز به منبع تغذیه، معمولاً در سیستم‌های گرمایشی، تهویه مطبوع و کاربردهای صنعتی استفاده می‌شود.

گیج مایع‌ پر:

این نوع گیج شامل یک لوله پر از مایع (مانند جیوه یا الکل) است که با تغییر دما منبسط یا منقبض می‌شود و دما را روی مقیاس نشان می‌دهد. گیج مایع‌پر به دلیل دقت بالا و قابلیت استفاده در محیط‌های مختلف، در محیط‌های صنعتی و آزمایشگاهی که نیاز به دقت بالایی دارند، مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد.

گیج دیجیتال:

این گیج‌ها از سنسورهای الکترونیکی برای اندازه‌گیری دما استفاده می‌کنند و نتایج را به صورت دیجیتال نمایش می‌دهند. گیج دیجیتال به دلیل دقت بالا، سهولت در خواندن و قابلیت اتصال به سیستم‌های کنترلی، در محیط‌های مدرن و صنعتی که نیاز به دقت بالا و قابلیت خواندن آسان دارند، به کار می‌رود.

مزایای استفاده از گیج دما

سادگی و قابلیت اطمینان: گیج‌های دما ساختاری ساده دارند و به راحتی قابل استفاده و تعمیر هستند.

نمایش لحظه‌ای دما: این دستگاه‌ها به طور مداوم دما را نمایش می‌دهند، که برای کنترل فرآیندها بسیار مفید است.

عدم نیاز به منبع تغذیه: انواع مکانیکی گیج دما نیازی به برق یا باتری ندارند، که این امر آن‌ها را برای استفاده در محیط‌های مختلف مناسب می‌سازد.

دقت مناسب: گیج‌های دما، به ویژه انواع دیجیتال، دارای دقت بالایی هستند و برای بسیاری از کاربردهای صنعتی و آزمایشگاهی مناسب‌اند.

جمع‌بندی 

تا اینجا، ابزارهای مختلف اندازه‌گیری دما را برایتان توضیح دادیم و راهنمایی کردیم که هر کدام از این ابزارها در چه شرایطی و برای چه کاربردهایی مناسب هستند. فروشگاه سنجش حرارت این ابزارها را با بهترین قیمت و کیفیت ارائه می‌کند. برای مشاوره پیش از خرید و خرید با بهترین قیمت و کیفیت می‌توانید با ما تماس بگیرید.

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